茅ヶ崎市
Data last updated: November 2026 (Land Price Publication 2026, Prefectural Survey 2026, transactions through Q2 2026)
Tap anywhere on the map to get an estimate for that spot. Map: GSI Tiles.
| Avg. residential land price | Now | 1 year | 3 years | 5 years | 10 years |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Forecast Forecast +3.4% a year | ¥241K/m² | ¥249K/m² | ¥267K/m² | ¥285K/m² | ¥336K/m² |
Forecasts are projections, not guarantees. 10-year range: ¥276K/m²–¥397K/m²
| Item | Assessed value | Market estimate | Area | Per m² (market estimate) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Residential land | ¥1.8 trillion | ¥2.6 trillion | 15.5 km² | ¥167K/m² |
| Other land farmland, forest, other | ¥143.5 billion | ¥143.5 billion | 9.2 km² | — |
| Buildings wooden ¥212.4 billion · non-wooden ¥276.1 billion | ¥488.5 billion | ¥488.5 billion | 11.5 km² floor | — |
| Total | ¥2.4 trillion | ¥3.2 trillion |
Market estimate: residential land is assessed at about 70% of official land prices, so its assessed value is divided by 0.7; other land and buildings are shown at assessed value. Tax-exempt land and buildings (roads, parks, etc.) are not included. Source: Ministry of Internal Affairs and Communications, survey of fixed-asset values (FY2025, by municipality), compiled by Fudosan Zukan.
| Area | Avg. residential | Avg. commercial | 1 year | 5 years | Condos per m² | Sales |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Akamatsucho 赤松町 |
¥425K/m² | — | +7.6% | +40.7% | ¥757K/m² | 32 |
| Hamatake 浜竹 |
¥396K/m² | ¥453K/m² | +7.8% | +55.9% | ¥764K/m² | 44 |
| Tomoe 共恵 |
¥386K/m² | ¥600K/m² | +7.2% | +46.6% | ¥745K/m² | 28 |
| Higashikaigankita 東海岸北 |
¥376K/m² | ¥458K/m² | +8.0% | +44.6% | ¥357K/m² | 64 |
| Higashikaigamminami 東海岸南 |
¥364K/m² | — | +7.3% | +31.2% | ¥646K/m² | 87 |
| Nakakaigan 中海岸 |
¥329K/m² | — | +5.5% | +29.8% | ¥613K/m² | 54 |
| Matsunami 松浪 |
¥308K/m² | — | +4.8% | +27.8% | — | 20 |
| Jukkenzaka 十間坂 |
¥305K/m² | — | +6.0% | +35.9% | ¥748K/m² | 37 |
| Misumicho 美住町 |
¥303K/m² | — | +5.2% | +30.0% | — | 19 |
| Kowada 小和田 |
¥296K/m² | — | +8.0% | +38.3% | — | 27 |
| Midorigahama 緑が浜 |
¥284K/m² | — | +5.2% | +22.9% | ¥450K/m² | 31 |
| Shirahamacho 白浜町 |
¥275K/m² | — | +3.8% | +21.1% | — | 6 |
| Hamasuka 浜須賀 |
¥270K/m² | — | +3.8% | +16.4% | — | 19 |
| Hibarigaoka ひばりが丘 |
¥265K/m² | — | +4.3% | +18.8% | ¥375K/m² | 18 |
| Nango 南湖 |
¥240K/m² | — | +3.5% | +15.6% | ¥385K/m² | 61 |
| Yabata 矢畑 |
¥236K/m² | — | +5.8% | +27.6% | ¥588K/m² | 88 |
| Hishinuma 菱沼 |
¥232K/m² | — | +3.4% | +20.1% | — | 26 |
| Honson 本村 |
¥229K/m² | — | +3.4% | +18.9% | ¥447K/m² | 58 |
| Yanagishimakaigan 柳島海岸 |
¥216K/m² | — | +3.8% | +16.1% | ¥357K/m² | 20 |
| Matsuo 松尾 |
¥206K/m² | — | +5.6% | +25.6% | — | 2 |
| Hamanogo 浜之郷 |
¥203K/m² | — | +1.6% | +16.5% | ¥358K/m² | 35 |
| Shorin 松林 |
¥201K/m² | — | +3.1% | +16.2% | ¥462K/m² | 50 |
| Takata 高田 |
¥201K/m² | ¥237K/m² | +2.8% | +15.8% | — | 37 |
| Enzo 円蔵 |
¥190K/m² | — | +3.8% | +24.5% | ¥258K/m² | 57 |
| Shimomachiya 下町屋 |
¥190K/m² | — | +2.7% | +12.4% | — | 14 |
| Murota 室田 |
¥187K/m² | — | +2.7% | +14.0% | — | 19 |
| Yanagishima 柳島 |
¥184K/m² | — | +4.0% | +15.0% | ¥200K/m² | 50 |
| Kagawa 香川 |
¥173K/m² | — | +2.4% | +12.3% | ¥224K/m² | 79 |
| Matsukazedai 松風台 |
¥169K/m² | — | +2.4% | +11.9% | — | 8 |
| Imajuku 今宿 |
¥155K/m² | — | +2.6% | +13.1% | ¥267K/m² | 52 |
| Amanuma 甘沼 |
¥155K/m² | — | +2.0% | +12.3% | ¥317K/m² | 26 |
| Nakajima 中島 |
¥147K/m² | — | +3.5% | — | ¥300K/m² | 40 |
| Hagisono 萩園 |
¥140K/m² | — | +2.6% | +18.0% | ¥283K/m² | 50 |
| Akabane 赤羽根 |
¥115K/m² | — | +1.6% | +11.4% | — | 28 |
| Shimoterao 下寺尾 |
¥78K/m² | — | +0.6% | — | — | 7 |
| Serizawa 芹沢 |
¥69K/m² | — | +2.2% | +7.8% | — | 7 |
| Matsugaoka 松が丘 |
— | — | — | — | ¥439K/m² | 34 |
| Chigasaki 茅ケ崎 |
— | ¥322K/m² | +9.2% | +41.9% | ¥380K/m² | 34 |
| Tsutsumi 堤 |
— | — | — | — | — | 35 |
| Motomachi 元町 |
— | ¥436K/m² | +9.0% | +42.0% | ¥649K/m² | 21 |
| Saiwaicho 幸町 |
— | — | — | — | ¥937K/m² | 20 |
| Honjukucho 本宿町 |
— | — | — | — | ¥814K/m² | 20 |
| Nishikubo 西久保 |
— | — | — | — | ¥308K/m² | 14 |
| Deguchicho 出口町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 18 |
| Heiwacho 平和町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 15 |
| Wakamatsucho 若松町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 19 |
| Fujimicho 富士見町 |
— | — | — | — | ¥357K/m² | 15 |
| Asahigaoka 旭が丘 |
— | — | — | — | ¥535K/m² | 17 |
| Shin-eicho 新栄町 |
— | ¥760K/m² | +11.8% | +60.0% | ¥531K/m² | 13 |
| Shiomidai 汐見台 |
— | — | — | — | ¥422K/m² | 8 |
| Tsurugadai 鶴が台 |
— | — | — | — | ¥566K/m² | 10 |
| Mizuki みずき |
— | — | — | — | — | 6 |
| Hishinumakaigan 菱沼海岸 |
— | — | — | — | — | 6 |
| Daikancho 代官町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 4 |
| Hamamidaira 浜見平 |
— | — | — | — | ¥567K/m² | 6 |
| Heidayuushinden 平太夫新田 |
— | — | — | — | — | 4 |
| Kozakuracho 小桜町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 5 |
| Tokiwacho 常盤町 |
— | — | — | — | — | 2 |
| Namegaya 行谷 |
— | — | — | — | — | 2 |
| Location | Use | Price per m² | ≈ USD/sq ft | 1 year | Station |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市新栄町５５６５番２９外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Commercial | ¥760K/m² | $449/sq ft | +11.8% | 茅ケ崎 100 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市共恵１丁目５６８８番４ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Commercial | ¥600K/m² | $354/sq ft | +8.1% | 小売店舗、事務所等が建ち並ぶ駅に近い商業地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸北１丁目１０３３０番２８ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Commercial | ¥467K/m² | $276/sq ft | +7.9% | 中小規模の小売店舗等が建ち並ぶ近隣商業地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜竹３丁目３９４５番１外 Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Commercial | ¥453K/m² | $268/sq ft | +7.9% | 店舗や事業所、住宅等が混在する近隣商業地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸北１丁目１０３３０番２８ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Commercial | ¥450K/m² | $266/sq ft | +10.3% | 茅ケ崎 300 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市元町５８８９番１５ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Commercial | ¥436K/m² | $258/sq ft | +9.0% | 茅ケ崎 250 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市赤松町３６９７番３８４ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥425K/m² | $251/sq ft | +7.6% | 辻堂 650 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜竹２丁目２７１０番４ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥402K/m² | $238/sq ft | +6.6% | 中小規模の一般住宅が多く見られる住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸北２丁目９７６２番８外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥391K/m² | $231/sq ft | +7.1% | 茅ケ崎 600 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜竹２丁目２７１０番４ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥390K/m² | $230/sq ft | +8.9% | 辻堂 650 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市共恵２丁目１１９３５番１１外 Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥386K/m² | $228/sq ft | +6.3% | 中小規模一般住宅が多い住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸南３丁目１１４８３番２１０ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥382K/m² | $226/sq ft | +7.6% | 茅ケ崎 1.3 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸北４丁目７０１０番１９ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥362K/m² | $214/sq ft | +6.5% | 茅ケ崎 850 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市十間坂１丁目５２６１番５ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥347K/m² | $205/sq ft | +6.8% | 中規模一般住宅が多い駅に近い住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市東海岸南６丁目８９１０番１９ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥345K/m² | $204/sq ft | +7.1% | 茅ケ崎 2.0 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市中海岸４丁目１１６８５番３３ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥333K/m² | $197/sq ft | +5.0% | 中規模一般住宅が多い既成住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市中海岸４丁目１１６８５番３３ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥325K/m² | $192/sq ft | +5.9% | 茅ケ崎 1.4 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市茅ケ崎１丁目２４６４番イ外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Commercial | ¥322K/m² | $190/sq ft | +9.2% | 茅ケ崎 600 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市松浪２丁目４８８１番２外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥308K/m² | $182/sq ft | +4.8% | 辻堂 1.4 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市美住町２０１２番８ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥303K/m² | $179/sq ft | +5.2% | 中小規模一般住宅が多い閑静な住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市小和田２丁目３５２番４ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥296K/m² | $175/sq ft | +8.0% | 辻堂 1.2 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市緑が浜５７７８番２５ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥284K/m² | $168/sq ft | +5.2% | 中小規模の一般住宅が建ち並ぶ住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市菱沼３丁目１５５番４ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥277K/m² | $164/sq ft | +4.1% | 中規模一般住宅が建ち並ぶ住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市白浜町６６７７番２４ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥275K/m² | $162/sq ft | +3.8% | 中小規模一般住宅が建ち並ぶ閑静な住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜須賀６９９７番６４ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥270K/m² | $160/sq ft | +3.8% | 辻堂 2.2 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市ひばりが丘１７６３番３１外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥265K/m² | $157/sq ft | +4.3% | 茅ケ崎 2.0 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市十間坂３丁目３４０６番６ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥263K/m² | $155/sq ft | +5.2% | 茅ケ崎 1.0 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市南湖２丁目３８９１番２ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥257K/m² | $152/sq ft | +3.2% | 茅ケ崎 1.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市本村４丁目１４７３番８ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥238K/m² | $141/sq ft | +3.5% | 中小規模一般住宅が多い住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市高田５丁目５３９番２外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Commercial | ¥237K/m² | $140/sq ft | +3.9% | 茅ケ崎 1.9 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市矢畑字勝沼１３４０番４外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥236K/m² | $139/sq ft | +5.8% | 茅ケ崎 1.5 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市南湖６丁目１２９８９番２０２ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥224K/m² | $132/sq ft | +3.7% | 茅ケ崎 2.1 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜之郷字登象９９０番５６ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥220K/m² | $130/sq ft | +3.3% | 中小規模一般住宅が多い区画整然とした住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市本村２丁目１５８２番２ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥220K/m² | $130/sq ft | +3.3% | 茅ケ崎 1.1 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市柳島海岸１５８８番３７３ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥216K/m² | $128/sq ft | +3.8% | 茅ケ崎 2.5 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市松尾字金立１９６番１ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥206K/m² | $122/sq ft | +5.6% | 一般住宅、アパート等が混在する住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市高田３丁目１０３番５ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥202K/m² | $119/sq ft | +2.0% | 中規模一般住宅が多い区画整然とした住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市松林１丁目１４０６番９外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥201K/m² | $119/sq ft | +3.1% | 辻堂 1.9 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市高田３丁目１０３番５ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥200K/m² | $118/sq ft | +2.6% | 茅ケ崎 2.2 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市円蔵２丁目２０２番１７ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥199K/m² | $118/sq ft | +3.6% | 茅ケ崎 1.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市下町屋３丁目３９番１１ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥190K/m² | $112/sq ft | +2.7% | 茅ケ崎 2.3 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市菱沼１丁目２３６番２ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥187K/m² | $110/sq ft | +2.7% | 辻堂 1.6 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市室田１丁目１００番２５ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥187K/m² | $110/sq ft | +2.7% | 辻堂 2.5 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市浜之郷字本社４１０番８外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥186K/m² | $110/sq ft | ±0.0% | 茅ケ崎 1.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市柳島２丁目６５４番３ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥184K/m² | $109/sq ft | +4.0% | 茅ケ崎 2.7 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市円蔵字御屋敷２０９８番８外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥182K/m² | $108/sq ft | +4.0% | 茅ケ崎 2.0 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市香川６丁目１２９７番８外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥173K/m² | $102/sq ft | +2.4% | 香川 450 m |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市松風台１０６９番３０ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥169K/m² | $100/sq ft | +2.4% | 香川 1.1 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市今宿字北側５１７番１９外 Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥155K/m² | $92/sq ft | +2.6% | 茅ケ崎 2.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市甘沼字向原９０５番３ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥155K/m² | $92/sq ft | +2.0% | 中小規模一般住宅にアパートも混在する住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市赤羽根字二図２９２番４ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥147K/m² | $87/sq ft | +2.8% | 茅ケ崎 3.0 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市中島字丸島８７４番８ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥147K/m² | $87/sq ft | +3.5% | 茅ケ崎 3.4 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市萩園字寺田２１１４番６６ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥142K/m² | $84/sq ft | +2.2% | 茅ケ崎 2.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市萩園字走内１２１８番７外 Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥139K/m² | $82/sq ft | +3.0% | 一般住宅、アパート等が混在する住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市円蔵字小井戸３７０番２０ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Industrial | ¥134K/m² | $79/sq ft | +8.1% | 茅ケ崎 1.8 km |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市萩園字下河原２６５８番１外 Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Industrial | ¥130K/m² | $77/sq ft | +4.8% | 各種工場が建ち並ぶ幹線道路背後の工業地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市赤羽根字四図１１６５番３ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥83K/m² | $49/sq ft | +0.5% | 農家住宅、一般住宅のほか畑も見られる住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市下寺尾字北方１５０４番５ Prefectural Survey 2026 |
Residential | ¥78K/m² | $46/sq ft | +0.6% | 農家、一般住宅、事業所等が混在する住宅地域 |
| 神奈川県 茅ケ崎市芹沢字中ノ谷１０５７番２ Land Price Publication 2026 |
Residential | ¥69K/m² | $41/sq ft | +2.2% | 茅ケ崎 5.7 km |
Sales in the loaded period: Land & building 1,407 · Pre-owned condo 801 · Land 438 · Forest 5 · Farmland 4
| District | Period | Type | Price | Area | Built | Per m² |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yanagishimakaigan | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥48.0M | 205 m² | 2019 | — |
| Yanagishimakaigan | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥34.0M | 65 m² | 2026 | — |
| Yanagishimakaigan | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥34.0M | 60 m² | 2026 | — |
| Yanagishimakaigan | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥35.0M | 65 m² | 2026 | — |
| Yanagishimakaigan | Q2 2026 | Pre-owned condo (contract) | ¥42.0M | 115 m² | 1989 | ¥365K/m² |
| Murota | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥41.0M | 145 m² | 2008 | — |
| Midorigahama | Q2 2026 | Pre-owned condo (contract) | ¥28.0M | 80 m² | 1991 | ¥350K/m² |
| Matsukazedai | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥43.0M | 185 m² | 2006 | — |
| Honjukucho | Q2 2026 | Pre-owned condo (contract) | ¥68.0M | 65 m² | 2022 | ¥1.05M/m² |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥7.0M | 145 m² | 1960 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥45.0M | 95 m² | 2026 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥47.0M | 75 m² | 2026 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥49.0M | 85 m² | 2011 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥55.0M | 135 m² | 2011 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥30.0M | 70 m² | 1992 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥72.0M | 140 m² | 2022 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥55.0M | 100 m² | 2026 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥61.0M | 195 m² | 2008 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥21.0M | 60 m² | 2001 | — |
| Higashikaigankita | Q2 2026 | Land & building (contract) | ¥50.0M | 85 m² | 2017 | — |
Population, income, rent, yield, transport and disaster risk will be added once sourced data is available. Methodology
The average price of residential land in Chigasaki City is ¥241,235 per m² (about ¥797,471 per tsubo), based on 49 sites in the official land price surveys (2026).
Land prices in Chigasaki City have risen by +4.8% on average over the past year. Over five years the change is +25.1%.
The median price of pre-owned condo transactions in the last two years is ¥500,000 per m², with a median price of ¥38.0 million (478 transactions, MLIT Real Estate Information Library).
The Fudosan Zukan model projects residential land prices to change by +3.4% a year, reaching about ¥336,280 per m² in 10 years (range ¥275,750–¥396,810). Forecasts are projections, not guarantees.
About ¥3.2 trillion: land ¥2.7 trillion and buildings ¥488.5 billion (estimated from assessed values for fixed-asset tax, FY2025; assessed total ¥2.4 trillion).
Land prices are official survey prices (Land Price Publication as of January 1, Prefectural Land Price Survey as of July 1); transactions are MLIT transaction and contract prices. Averages, changes, forecasts and the index are calculated by Fudosan Zukan. All prices in Japanese yen; dollar figures (≈) at ¥157.25 = $1 are for reference. Estimated prices and forecasts on this site are for reference only and do not guarantee actual sale prices or appraisal values. The estimate is not a licensed real estate appraisal; it is an "AI-estimated price" calculated from public land price and transaction statistics. Forecasts are projections, not guarantees.